What is Gluten?
Gluten is a protein made up of glutenin and gliadin and is responsible for the elasticity of bread dough. Wheat contains a higher amount of gluten than any other grain, but it is also found in barley, rye and -to a lesser degree- in oats.
Foods that commonly contain gluten include bread, pasta and flour.
What digestive problems are associated with wheat and gluten?
Wheat Allergy
True wheat allergy is uncommon and should not be confused with wheat intolerance. A wheat allergy is a response from the immune system to certain wheat proteins. It is identified quite easily because reactions usually take place within 2 hours - and sometimes only minutes - of wheat being consumed.
Signs of an allergic reaction include
- Rashes
- High fever-like symptoms
- Breathing difficulties (sometimes severe)
Wheat intolerance
Intolerance is not an allergic reaction, but occurs when the body has difficulty digesting certain foods. Wheat intolerance is more common than wheat allergy and can cause quite severe gut reactions.
Although allergies may be outgrown, intolerances to certain foods are usually life-long, so the troublesome food has to be permanently avoided.
Celiac Disease
Celiac disease (also known as gluten enteropathy or gluten intolerance) is a life-long intolerance to gluten. This means that a person with celiac disease cannot eat wheat, barley, rye, oats, or any food containing them. Celiac disease is a serious condition, where the body's immune system mistakenly treats gluten as a harmful substance. Eventually, damage to the small intestine prevents it from processing the nutrients from other foods. This leads to serious nutritional problems. Celiac disease tends to run in families.
The symptoms of celiac disease in babies tend to be spotted between 9 and 18 months of age and include:
- diarrhea
- weight loss, or poor weight gain
- anemia
- lack of appetite
- malnutrition
- bloated stomach
- restlessness and irritability
- dermatitis (itchy rash)
When to introduce wheat and other foods containing gluten to the baby?
The UK Department of Health states that these foods should not be introduced before baby is at least 6 months of age and should NEVER be used as first weaning foods for a baby with a family history of celiac disease or allergies. There are no official recommendations currently available in the US.
Experts believe that introducing gluten to a baby's diet during the first 3 months of life increases the baby's risk of developing celiac disease by 5 times. It also indicates that the risk is high if the introduction of gluten is delayed past 7 months.
After 6 months of age, foods containing gluten are given to baby regularly in normal, adequate amounts. This is so that any adverse reactions can be easily spotted and identified. If baby is only fed small amounts of foods containing gluten - or fed them very infrequently - the pattern of symptoms may be inconsistent, delaying diagnosis.